Owing to its nice surface performance, Cu-Ni alloy is a kind of excellent material for coinage. Furthermore, Cu-Ni alloy plating has wide application prospect due to its advantageous price and false-proof characteristics. However, the electric potential difference between copper( II) and nickel( II) is 0.6v, and owing to their other similar characteristics, the complexation properties of most complex agents with copper( II) and nickel( II) are nearly the same. Therefore, the key to realize simultaneous codeposition of copper and nickel is to discover the suitable complex agent and ascertain its working conditions.By the research on the complexation properties and structure, the author did lots of experiments and screened several complex agents. This paper focuses on the optimizing experiments which use citric acid, triethanolamine, and NB01 as main formulation. The results show that, using citric acid as the main formulation can get low-nickel content alloy coatings, but it is diffcult to furtherly increase its nickel content; the triethanolamine formulation will bring into being positve charge, which is not farourable for cathodic polarization, besides, it will produce plenty of copper powder, which is not fit for industrial production either; the NB01 formulation with some citric acid can come into being about 25% Cu-ni alloy coatings, consequently, this formulation has the prospect to be furtherly developed.The choice of auxiliary complex agents in this paper take various factors into account, such as, space factor, charge factor, application of feasibility of getting copper( I), and complementarity between the main and auxiliary complex agents etc. Complex agents , auxiliary complex agents and electropositive hydroniums come into multicomplexes. Then,multicomplexes come into being. By experiment, the stability of multicomplexes and auxiliary complexes’ comprehensive influence on alloy coatings are ascertained. Ajusting metal ion concentration, content of main and auxiliary complex agents, pH etc., We ascertain the basic formulation.This paper mainly studied the influence of the additives on alloy coatings in the meathod of using NB01 as the main formulation. And by experimenting on the parameters of temperature of electrolyte, electric currunt density, rotational speed of barrel and so on, we eventually ascertain the plating technological conditions.

After thousands of years’ natural evolution, wood and bamboo are endowed with unique structure and performance. After proper physical or chemical treatment, they can be used to prepare ceramic material with controllable structure and excellent performance and the structure and performance is programmable. At present the most reports in literature are to synthesize ceramic with wood. With the increasingly serious global environment problems, the enhancement of human environment protect consciousness and the startup of Chinese natural forest protect project, the conflict between supply and demand of domestic wood is increasingly serious. Bamboo can grow quickly, regenerate fast and easily and can be continually used after successful forestation. So it is an important approach to replace wood with bamboo to relax the conflict between supply and demand of wood and protect the environment.Ceramic block and powder of SiC was prepared through sol-gel and liquid silicon infiltration with bambusa arundinacea and bamboo charcoal powder as raw material. Wave-adsorption material was also prepared by the infiltration of magnetic metal. The phases, morphology and RAM reflectivity was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM and RAM reflectivity testing system.Results show that the bamboo charcoal and the final SiC ceramics both inherit the porous microstructure of bamboo. The reaction from carbon to ceramic occurred mainly on the wall of the holes. Ceramic whiskers appear in some holes when using sol-gel method. The conversion rate from bamboo charcoal to SiC and the the degree of crystallization can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature and prolonging the time of the highest temperature in liquid silicon infiltration method. But the conversion rate can not be improved by increasing the reaction temperature and prolonging the time of the highest temperature in sol-gel method. The restrict factor of the conversion rate is the infiltration effect during the sol infiltration step. The conversion rate from charcoal to ceramic of bamboo charcoal powder is higher than bamboo charcoal block in whatever method. The porous ceramic with SiC whiskers in some holes prepared by sol-gel method show some electromagnetic wave adsorption properties in the low frequency band.

Diamond is a kind of limit functional materials with a number of excellent property, due to its remarkable properties, diamond has been widely used in many fields such as industry, scientific research, national defence, medical treatment and etc… especialy for gem diamond, is indispensable for the development of functional materials for high technology At abroad, the gem diamond synthetic techniques have made a vast development, and the research tendency in this field is to make maximum and unlimited use of the outstanding properties of diamond, including entering the gem markets. While at present, because of its great commercial value, the information on diamond synthetic techniques is always kept secret. Our country just began the study of gem diamonds growth recent years. High level diamond synthetic techniques can surely promote the development of industry, scientific research, national defence, medical treatment and so on.When adopt temperature gradient to synthesize gem dimond,with reaction cell enlarging, regrown graphite and spontaneous nucleus will appear,all of these factors have effect on diamond crytal quality. In addition , growth time of large dimond crystal need long time,production efficiency is low,moreover the cost of growth diamond crystal is difficult to lower,it result in larger diamond crystal is difficult to realize mass production. Based on these factors ,this article take same research on synthesiztion of dimond crystal under high temperature and high pressure with multi-seed by temperature gradient using china-made cubic anvil apparatus.,in research same results were found as follow :1,By test the highest part of pyrophyllite, it has found that NaCl has a good property at keeping temperature, and its capability of heat preservation better than ZrO₂.At last, stability synthesise cavity is established .2,Polycrystal are often grown when take NiMnCo as solvent metal,and polycrystal have no relation with growth velocity,when measure temperature we found that fluctuate of temperature is the most important factor which rusult in polycrystal formation.it has found that polycrystal often appear in center of reaction cell,and sometimes it has relation with seed grit size.Hence,by change the seed position and the size of seed grit,polycrystal phenomenon is alleviated .3,With content of Fe increasing in FeNiMnCo solvent metal, the probility of grown polycrystal decline, crystal quality is improved every single crystal growth velocity is as high as 1.88mg/hour,however,growth character changed from suiting {100} face for growth to {111} face.4,In FeNiCu catalyst system,due to the electronic structure of Cu in a stable electron configuration, its electronic in 3 d shell are difficult to share with other element , Cu is very difficult to

Pizoelectric ceramics is one kind of functional materials,wich can realize the transformation between mechanical energy and electric energy,and could be widely applied to electronic and micro-electronic equipment.The development of lead-free piezoelectric materials is more and more important especially the pollution of lead for the environment.Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ with better piezoelectric,high Curie temperature and without poison in the preparation,is a promising lead-free piezoelectric ceramic.In this paper,（1-x）Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-xBaTiO₃lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were perapared by solid state sintering method and learned by preparational technique,design of compositon and solid solution formation.The effects of process conditions on the structure of piezoelectric ceramics (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃（Abbr.BNBT06）were studied by TG/DSC,XRD,SEM and the other analytic methods,and the effects of calcining temperature,sintering temperature and soaking time on the crystalline structure and electrical properties were girven in order to get the most optimization of process condition.The results indicate:the optimization conditions were calcining temperature for 800～850℃,sitering temperature for 1140～1160℃,and soaking time for 2h.BNBT ceramics were investigated with phase transition,microstructure,piezoelectric,and relaxation properties.XRD results show:all the samples were perovsldte structure with relaxation properties.The morphotropic boundary lies in the compositon of 0.06～0.08mol BT content.It has been got the most optimization properties for composition of 0.94BNT-0.06BT and the value of d₃₃,K_p,ε_r,tanδwere 127pC/N,0.22,1388 and 0.05 respectively.In order to improve propterties of piezoelectric ceramics,Li₂CO₃ were added into form solid solution.The results show:all the samples were perovskite structure and Li₂CO₃ added did not destroy the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramics.The rhombohedral phase decrease as well as the tetragonal phase increase in the morphotropic boundary of BNBT06 ceramic with Li₂CO₃ increased.SEM photos show: all the crystal turns to smaller and the square crystalline boundary changed into round with Li₂CO₃ increased.The dielectric constantε_r increased at fist and then decreased with Li₂CO₃ added.When Li⁺ ions were 0.03mol,the dielectric constantε_r whose value was 1869 got best properties of all the samples.At the same time the dissipation tanδgot the smallest value of 0.04.When the Li⁺ ions were 0.05mol,the piezoelectric properties of ceramic got the best value,wich d₃₃K_p were 160pC/N,0.3 respectively. Though Li₂CO₃ excess,the crystal structure of ceramics were perovskite structure still. The relaxation of ceramics increase but the dielectric constantε_r and piezoelectric constant d₃₃decrease.When the Li⁺ excess was 0.07mol,the piezoelectric properties d₃₃, K_p were 105pC/N,0.1 respectively.In the end,in order to analyse the relaxor behavior of BNT-BT ceramics,we prepared（1-x）BaTiO₃-xBi₍0.5_Na_0.5TiO₃（x=0.05,0.10,0.2,0.3）ceramics by the conventional electric ceramic preparation technique.X-ray diffraction patterns indicate all the Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ composition doping could be fully incorporated into the pervoskite lattice of BaTiO₃.Compared with pure BaTiO₃ ceramic,the（1-x） BaTiO₃-xBi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ ceramics samples show ferroelectfics with diffuse phase transition.It could be got by decreasing dissipation factor,broaden dielectric peaks, increasing curie temperature,improving temperature stability with the Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ solution.

From the beginning of the 21th century, the development of the new style dry cement of our country is very quickly, the output of the new dry cement in 2007 has increased to 55% of the total output of cement. In burning system of the new dry cement, the burning system’s work ratio and clinker’s production were restricted directly by the quality of the refractory for outlet.Now, the castables were often used as outlet’s liner refractories on the new dry cement kilns in our country, and the chief factors that can affect castable’s life are wear, thermal shock, chemical erosion, mechanical stess damaging and high tempriture melt etc. The general life of the castables used in the outlet of large new dry cement kilns is 4-6 months.We want to study and manfacture a new castable that it’s life will reach 11-12 months. We use super alumina, activatedα-Al₂O₃ mullite powder, u f – SiO₂ mullite powder, CA cement, SiC powder and corundum powser as the raw meterials, researched the affection of the sintering reaction in the matrix and the addition and grain size of SiC powder to the properties of the castable. The experimental result is : use activatedα-Al₂O₃ mullite powder, u f – SiO₂ mullite powder, CA cement and corundum powser as the matrix, the low tempriture strength and the strength after heated at medium and high tempeiture are very satisfied, and there are obvious sintering reaction after 900℃heated, we believe the product after sintering reaction include A₃S₂, CAS₂ and aluminate calcium etc. The thermal shock resistance of the castable is satisfied when add 6% and 0.099 mm SiC powder in matrix, the SEM of the sample after heated at 1350℃×3h show: around the residual section after SiC oxidated formed surrounding split, and residual SiC grain take affect as the enhancement grain, and the surrounding split increase the thermal shock resistance of the castable. The new castable had been used on the outlets of the 2500t/d production lines in the country and the results showed it’s life achieve or above the desired goal.

This thesis reviewed systematically the development of numerical simulation for oxy-fuel combustion and turbulent combustion of glass melting furnaces, and established three–dimensional mathematical model which is very practical in combustion space of injection entrance oil fired oxy-fuel unit glass furnaces on the base of theory of glass melting furnaces and industrial application. The model includes standard k-εturbulent model, Eddy-Dissipation combustion model and P1 radiation model, and the CFD software is FLUENT. The content and result showed that:Firstly, this paper analyzed the relations between oxygen concentrations of the combustion-supporting gas and the velocity field, the temperature field and the mass fraction field of NO_x. The simulation results showed that, under the condition of oxy-fuel, the velocity become smaller, the max temperature become higher, the quality of gaseous pollutants become littler.Secondly, the influence on velocity field and temperature field of combustion were systematically investigated under different overplus oxygen coefficient, the size of gas entrance, the distance between gas entrance and oil entrance. The results showed that, the greater the overplus oxygen coefficient is, the higher the velocity and max temperature is; the whole velocity of velocity become smaller and the max temperature of flame become greater when the size of gas entrance become bigger; the greater the distance between gas entrance and oil entrance is, the smaller the whole velocity of velocity field is, the lower the max temperature of flame is.Finally, to increase heat efficiency and heat transfer effect, the relations between the three equal-height oil entrance and temperature field is studied under the same combustion system. The results showed that, under the same combustion system, the flame width of x-direction of the three oil entrance is wilder than that of the one oil entrance, and the heat efficiency become greater. The simulation result is processed by TECPLOT convenient for analyse.This paper quantitatively investigated the distribution of the velocity field, the temperature field and the mass fraction field of NO_x. The simulation results showed that, the 3d mathematical model of the paper comprehensively reflects the distribution law of the velocity field, the temperature field and the mass fraction field of NO_x in combustion space of injection entrance, these results will be very helpful to improve the quality of the glass furnace and the design of the injection.

Reusing sludge as raw cement material become more and more important, for it can not only partly take the place of raw materials, but decompose of toxicant. Through free chemical analysis, macroscopical test, XRD analysis, SEM/EDS analysis, the effect of the sludge on clinker sintering and properties of the clinker were studied, and the mechanisms were discussed also.1. Reuse of water purification sludge as silica material, with modulus （KH=0.91, IM=1.30, SM=2.37）, the effect of the sludge on clinker sintering and properties of the clinker were studied. Sludge added into the cement raw meals would improve the burnability of the raw meal and the strength of the clinker, especially the early strength. The strength at 3days reached 43MPa and the strength at 28 days of the clinker was higher than 70 MPa.2. Reuse of waste water sludge as silica material, with modulus （IM=1.30, SM=2.37, but different KH）, the effect of the sludge on clinker sintering and properties of the clinker were studied. Few waste water sludge addition （2wt.%） almost have no effect on clinker sintering and strength when the KH is low （0.88,0.91） ; but significant improve the burnability of the cement raw meal and the strength of the clinker while the KH is high（0.94,0.97）.3. Reuse of waste water sludge as silica material, with modulus （IM=1.30, SM=2.37, KH=0.91, 0.94）, the effect of the sludge on clinker sintering and properties of the clinker were studied. Few waste water sludge addition （1wt.%） improve the burnability of the raw material and the strength of the clinker, while more addition would decrease the burnability of the raw material and the strength of the clinker.4. XRD analysis show that the addition have no effect on the phases component of the clinker, the phase component of the clinker are C₃S, C₂S, C₃A and C₄AF. SEM/EDS show that the water purification would increase the homogeneity of the Alite and Belite phase, while the waste water sludge would decrease the homogeneity of the Alite and Belite phase.5. Setting time test, alkali content test, chloride ion content test and toxicitycharacteristic leaching procedure show that clinker using sludge as partly replacementof silica material would be safe enough to environment.The microelement in sludge low the liquid phase temperature, therefore it is good forsintering. The microelement trapped into the clinker’s crystal structure would alsoraise the hydration activity of the clinker. Hence, reusing sludge in cement productionhas become more and more important.

LEDs were applied in many fields as a long-life,energy efficient,environmentally friendly and multi-use light source in modem life.The flip-chip technology improved the thermal dissipation and luminescence efficiency of High-power LEDs,but higher requirements were submitted to the packaging technology.Our purpose was to develop an Au-Sn bumping process on high-power LED flip-chip technology.This paper focused on the influence of non-cyanide plating solution stability,the electroplating parameters on the thickness of cladding,and the preparation of Au70Sn30 eutectic bump.The main results indicated that:1.A new non-cyanide co-electroplating solution for Au-Sn alloys was developed based on D. G.Ivey’s solution which was stable at room temperature.NaSO3 and EDTA were used as golden complexing agent,potassium pyrophosphate as stannous complexing agent,pH value was adjusted from 6.0 to 8.0.The high-temperature stability of this solution was improved（it was still stable after heating to 50℃）.2.When the NaAuCl₄·2H₂O concentration in bath was 4,10,15,20g/L respectively,a peak of growth rate appeared for 10g/L under T=45℃.When NaAuCl₄·2H₂O concentration was 4g/L, heavy current made the plating films porous;as NaAuCl₄·2H₂O concentration increasing,the plating solution stability became worse.The suitable NaAuCl₄·2H₂O concentration in bath was 10g/L.3.The plating temperature had an obviously effected on the surface topography of Au-Sn films.When the temperature was in the range from 35℃to 65℃,the lower the temperature the rougher the films;but the higher temperature also made the films rough owing to scorch of the films,and lowered the quality of Au-Sn alloys.The suitable plating temperature was 45℃.4.While Jwas set at 1,2,3,4,5,6,6.5,7,8,8.5,10mA/cm² separately,the tin content was 16%for Au5Sn at 1mA/cm² and the tin content was nearly 50%for AuSn when the current was higher than 3mA/cm²,the tin content of Au-Sn alloys was 30%（at.%）at 2mA/cm².The morphologies of Au-Sn films became coursing with the increasing J value,and then the grain became rough.The growth rate of Au-Sn alloys increased firstly and then reduced,the fastest growth rate achieved 24μm/h when J=7mA/cm².5.Two methods were performed to preparate Au70Sn30 alloys using co-electroplating in this study.The sequential electroplating Au₅Sn and AuSn multi-layers had a lower growth rate because of the lower growth rate of the AusSn.However,the co-deposition of 30%tin content film had a faster growth rate under a varied impulse current,which can reach 13μm/h at 6.05mA/cm²,T=45℃.

In recent years, with the increasing demand of lead-free and environmental materials, new types of communication function materials including dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials are in the focus of people’s researches. Rare-earth niobate ceramics with general formula LnNbO₄（Ln represent La to Lu including Y） is a series of new functional microwave dielectric ceramic materials ,which has a ferroelastic phase of monoclinic structure at ambient temperature with similar structural phase transition characteristics, belongs to the perovskite scheelite class（ABO₃）. Their location of A or B can be replaced by other hydroniums with different radius and electrovalency to a certain extent, individually or in the compound. Thus, we can regulate the properties of material for different use. This paper is focus on replacing the location A with Yb or Ce, adding YNbO₄ synthesized before, preliminary study their synthesize technology, microscopic structure and dielectric properties of relations and so on.The main raw materials applied are ytterbium oxide （Yb₂O₃） and niobium oxide （Nb₂O₅）. YbNbO₄ were obtained with molar rate of Yb₂O₃:Nb₂O₅=1:1, sintering of non-protected atmosphere through two technics “pre-sintering and then second sintering” and “In-situ synthesis”. We obtained YbNbO₄ ceramic with dielectric constant 26, Q value of 3.38×104 at sintering temperature 1360℃.Doped with Bi₂O₃, YbNbO₄ were studied on its sintering behavior, crystal structure and dielectric properties. The results showed that the sintering temperature is lowed to some extent, yet the influence of Bi₂O₃ to the dielectric properties is not very obvious.Next, using the cerium oxide （CeO₂） and niobium oxide （Nb₂O₅）, we got the ceramics of CeNbO_4+δ （δ=0-0.25） and some unknown phases with the molar rate of CeO₂ :Nb₂O₅=1:1 and CeO₂ :Nb₂O₅=2:1. CeNbO_4+δ is very sensitive to environmental oxygen. Their crystal transformation, microstructure and change of dielectric properties were investigated.

Permeable ceramic brick is one of new green environmental protection building materials,is one kind of ceramic brick with continuous space made of pore-forming technology.It has good properties of water-retention and water-permeability.And it can solve the environmental problem.It has good sound absorption and city noise reduction.Pore-forming technology has special functions in the course of permeable ceramic brick preparation.This paper makes comprehensive study on common pore-forming methods. At the same time,thinking of physical and chemical properties of pegmatite,particle accumulation method was used for preparation of permeable ceramic brick.Special mould was designed for molding methods of permeable ceramic brick.Further,the orthogonal experiment was used for permeable ceramic brick preparation process conditions:aggregate size 1.25～2mm,molding pressure 30MPa,sintering temperature 1000℃,thermal-insulating timelh.Had prepared the permeable ceramic brick on the basis of the above that studied, compression strength was 43.5MPa.permeability coefficient 2.1×10^-2cm/s,the capability of holding water 0.9g/cm²,freezing and thawing the strength of circulation to losel 1.5%.Its performance was higher than that stipulated in standard JC/T945-2005″permeable brick”.The specific effect of aggregate size,molding pressure,bonding agent volume on compression strength and permeability coefficient was discussed,As aggregate size decreased,molding pressure and bonding agent increased,compression strength higher and permeability coefficient lower.Then,permeability coefficient tester was designed.Permeability coefficient and pore,porosity and compression strength relational expressions of rate was set sup completely,offer the basis for design and application of permeable ceramic brick.The mechanism and influencing factors were studied,including pore spacing,porosity,water filling state.At last,sound absorption property was studied in this paper.Sound absorption coefficient of permeable ceramic brick was more than 0.285 through experiments,the absorption effect obviously,and the absorption property influencing factors were discussed.