In this dissertation, Optimization has been made on the ultrasound C-SCAN system which developed independently. Appropriate operational parameter was set on the servo electrical machineries. Electrical machinery noise and the “Zero floats” phenomenon on motors were solved. A new water tank has been designed and installed. Designed the location-limited device to the ultrasonic detector and corrected the motor drive proportion.In view of the Disturbance made by motors during the date acquire process, Analysis has been done, characteristics of this disturbance have been summed up. The methods of hardware isolation and Filtering in Matlab studios were successfully used to improve SNR of this system.Welding joint characteristics have been analyzed. The ultrasonic testing and destructive examination were both used to definite the types of the defects in copper-steel re-melt welding joint.Technique was designed to product normal samples within defects. Some normal samples and samples within man-made defects have been made.Through a large number of inspection trails, reflection waves caused by all kinds of defects have been collected, the features of them were researched to identify the natures of defects. Six parameters were defined to help establish the mode of “defect auto- recognition”, such as position, shape, characters, maximum of defect wave, back wave, and interface wave. The mode was based on the thought of “max probability” and implemented by computers online.Operate the system. Ultrasonic C-SCAN test was carried on theΦ122mm copper-steel welding joint. The Results were provided and analyzed.Against some shorts in the system, some views were displayed to help others to go on improve the system. The time domain of different defects has been withdrawn. New thought was provided to develop the mode of “defects auto- recognition”.

Pregabalin is the S isomer of 3-aminomethyl-5-methylhexanioc acid which has pharmacology activeness.It’s the 3-isobutyl substituent of GABA,and exploited by Warner-Lambert Co.Ltd.Pfizer and its first launch in Europe is in March 2003,it is used as an adjuvant therapy for antineuralgic and anti-Epilepsy.Many synthetic routes have been reported in the references and can be summarized in four types.The first type,chiral reagent was employed to perform the resolution of some compounds;the second type,asymmetric catalysts were introduced to finish the asymmetric reaction to get desired product;the third type, chiral ligand was used to obtain the desired product;the last way is directly get Pregabalin by using chiral compounds as starting material.The first type reaction was introduced in this paper.In this paper we described a method for the synthesis of（S）-（+）-（aminomethyl）-5-methylhexanoic acid which comprises the following steps,first condensing isovaleraldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate to synthesize 2-cyano-5-methylhex-2-enoic acid ethyl ester,then reacting 2-cyano-5-methylhex-2-enoic acid ethyl ester with diethyl malonate to synthesize 3-isobutylglutaric acid;and synthesize the anhydride of 3-isobutylglutaric acid;and reacting the anhydride with ammonia to obtain 3-（carbamoylmethyl）-5-methylhexanoic acid;and reacting 3-（carbamoylmethyl）-5-methylhexanoic acid with Hofmann reagent to obtain 3-（aminomethyl）-5-methylhexanoic acid;reacting the 3-（aminomethyl）-5- methylhexanoic acid with（S）-（+）-mandelic acid to get （S）-（+）-（aminomethyl）-5-methylhexanoic acid which is Pregabalin.Compared with the patent references,there are small modifications described as follows:TEA was employed as catalyst which shorts the reaction time and cut the cost in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction.During the preparation of 3-isobutylglutaric acid anhydride,acetic anhydride was introduced as dehydrating agent to reduce the cost of reaction,therefore to make it more applicable in industrialization. The yield was improved from 65%to 74%by optimizing the reaction temperature during the Hofmann rearrangement of 3-carbamoylmethyl-5-methylhexanioc acid.Total yield is 19.8%,and the final product was characterized with ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR,IR and specific rotation.

The world petroleum industry is growing very rapidly. There has been a remarkable increase in the quantity demanded of lubricating oil in recent years. And the demand of the production quality is more stringent. Blending of lubricating oil is one of the most important processes of production system in the petroleum refineries. Great benefits can be achieved from the optimizing and blending of lubricating oil. For most of the petroleum refineries in China, the technique of manufacture is relatively backward and the method of control is still very simple. Therefore, they have lagged behind the world advanced level. The means is the advanced technique of manufacture which can be controlled and optimized with computer. The arithmetic of advanced control is requisite. For the purpose of optimizing and controlling the manufacture, we can construct the optimizing and blending of lubricating oil system. This thesis adopts that concept, develops the software of blending of lubricating oil and applies to an actual production process. The main works of the thesis are as follows:Firstly, by consulting a great quantity of scientific or technical literatures, this thesis introduces some foundation knowledge of the lubricating oil, including the state of the art of lubricating oil blending and the quality indicator of lubricating oil. Furthermore, this thesis also introduces the concept of optimal blending control (OBC). All of these lay the foundations for the following works.Then the thesis presents the function and the purpose of lubricating oil blending. It also introduces some knowledge of mechanism of mass transfer and explains the technique of manufacture in detail.At the basis of researching the mathematical model, the thesis validates the mathematical model with a large quantity of field data. After that, a new mathematical model, which is more suitable for the Chinese refineries, is developed.The thesis designs the optimizing control system of lubricating oil blending with the theory of global optimization control. This system includes four layers. The thesis describes the layer of optimizing and blending system in detail, which is the core layer in this system. By adding the mathematical model into the optimizing control system of lubricating oil blending, the system has been supported in theory effectively in the aspect of optimization and control.On the basis of the preceding works, we apply the theory to practice. This control system has been applied in a Chinese refinery. Running for a long time, the system is working normally and steadily. We collected a large quantity of field data and verified the control effect of this system. Now this project has been checked and delivered by the vendee.Finally, the works of this thesis are summarizing and making some prospects in optimizing and blending of lubricating oil system.

Integrated production has come true in modern industrial process, and the equipments are increasingly large and complicated, which require the entire equipment even a joint enterprise to achieve optimal design, optimal control and optimal management. So evaluating the energy consumption in process and enhancing the thermodynamic performance of process are particularly important.Exergy optimization of large chemical processes can be difficult because the local efficiencies of subsystems are interdependent in a way which was heretofore difficult to anticipate. The impact of exergy efficiencies of subsystems on overall exergy efficiency of the whole system is uncertain. So it’s necessary to develop a universal formula which is independent of the structure of a system and relate the total exergy efficiency of any system to the efficiencies of its subsystems. This paper studied the application of the exergy load distribution method for the thermodynamic optimization of process of manufacturing ethylene from ethanol to obtain the optimal thermodynamic structure of the process. The following points are emphasized:1. The operation models of the existing ethylene production process by ethanol dehydration were set up for the simulation, and the thermodynamic model was aslo determined.2. The existing ethylene production process by ethanol dehydration was simulated by making use of the chemical engineering simulation software ASPEN PLUS, and the exergy analysis was carried out based on the simulation results. The obtained exergy efficiency and other parameters supplied reference to the optimization of existing process and simulation of improved processes.3. The improved processes were put forward according to exergy load distribution method. simulation of these processes were carried out by ASPEN PLUS, then exergy analysis was done.4. This paper studied the application of exergy load distribution method for the process optimization of chemical process which contains a heat exchanger network; For the chemical process system contained multi-effective distillation, the way of analysis with exergy load distribution method was also studied. 5. On the basis of total exergy efficiency of whole system, the simulation results of existing process and improved cases 1 and 2 showed that the case 1 was better. The way to analyze multi-effective distillation can affect the distribution of exergy load observably; The heat exchanger network was treated as a single operation, which greatly simplified the graphical representation of the exergy analysis and necessary computations.

Due to the scarcity of water resource and serious environment pollution, reducing fresh water and wastewater becomes a great matter of urgency. Synthesis of water network has been provided with dual benefits of improving the efficiency in resource utility and reducing the environmental pollution by water reuse, regeneration reuse as well as regeneration recycle. So the research in water network design has achieved great progress. Batch production is applied widely for food, medicine chemicals and fine chemicals. Therefore considerable attention has also been dedicated to the synthesis of batch water networks within recent decade.Compared to continuous processes, there is a time constraint to be satisfied in batch processes, in addition to the concentration constraint. Center reusable water storages can deal with the time constraint effectively and enhance the water recovery. In batch processes, when the water-using operation finishes, wastewater is deposited in storages. It is reused to following units as water resources. And the resources can be utilized within the whole process. The utilization efficiency of water is improved greatly. This paper presents a non-linear programming (NLP) mathematical model for freshwater and wastewater minimization in batch processes with center reusable water storages. The minimization of fresh water is achieved through the exploitation of reuse and recycle opportunities. The content of this paper is listed as follows:(1) As to the synthesis of water utilization network in batch processes, this paper presents a NLP mathematics formulation for freshwater minimization. Water using units are arranged according to time. The wastewater from the units is used to water resources for following units. The streams with the same concentration are deposited in the same storage. It is forbidden to reuse to the unit which concentration is lower than water resource. The NLP mathematics model is considered according to mass load, inlet concentration constraint. Then we solve the mathematics model by GAMS and obtain the minimum freshwater. Then we incorporate storages and remove the redundant streams by time and obtain the optimal water network. The proposed method is demonstrated with three examples.(2) Water utilization network in batch processes considering minimum the number of storages is investigated while guaranteeing the target for minimum freshwater. All the water resources with different concentration can be mixed and stored in each storage. The number of storages is taken as optimal variables. The volume and concentration of storage water will change on different time. And it can affect the water reuse condition and fresh water flowrate. This paper presents a superstructure of water utilization network and a non-line programming mathematical model. The model is to determine the minimum fresh water as the main aim, the number of storages, volume and concentration of water in storages as optimal variables. We optimize the batch water utilization process and establish the minimum fresh water.

In this paper, the fermentation principles of metabolism control were applied into original strain improvement of Corynebacterium melassecola GL-3 for the overproduction of L-glutamic acid. Then the compositions of medium and the conditions in fermentation were studied. The main research contents and results were as follows:Through examination the accuracy of the biological sensing method , combining the experimental specific circumstances, bio-sensing method for breeding strains detected L-glutamic in experiments was established. The reclaim of average bio-sensing of this method was 99.7%. This method was simple, rapid and economical.The L-glutamic producer was derived from the original strain Corynebacterium melassecola GL-3 by chemical and physical mutation methods, the plate screening with: High osmotic pressure, succinate as sole carbon sourse, NaF, SG, Gln. A strain N77-124(High osmotic pressure tolerance,Sucg,NaFr,SGr,Glnr) which could accumulate 110g/L L-glutamic acid.under un-optimization condition was acquired.The optimization of medium contents and fermentation conditions for N77-124 was conducted. The optimum seed medium conditions were pH 7.2 and the optimum medium volume was 30mL/250mL. The optimum fermentation medium contains glucose 161g/L, corn steep liquor 3.0g/L, K2HPO4·3H2O 2.0g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.8g/L,Urea 5.5. The optimum fermentation conditions were 500mL contains 20mL broth, initial pH7.5, inoculated time 8 h, culturing at 30±1℃on reciprocating shaker, shaking speed 100r/min, seed volume 10%, fermentation time 36h. After optimization, the production of L-glutamic was up to 114g/L with high conversion efficiency of 71%.N77-124 strains flask fed-batch fermentation of the preliminary was studied. The optimum initial glucose concentration was 80g/L. The lowest glueose concentration maintained was 10-20g/L. The optimum feeding glucose concentration was 600g/L. The control of fermentation temperature in this way: 0-10 h 34℃, 10-20 h 36℃, 20 h 38℃. The production of L-glutamic acid was up to 117g/L and conversion rate was up to 72% after 32 h.

β-glucanase is an important industrial enzyme,it could degrade theβ-glucan in corn such as barly, so it’s especially important in brewing and feed stuff industries.The breeding ofβ-glucanase high-producing strain, the fermentation condition and medium of flask fermentation and character ofβ-glucanase were investigated in this thesis. The main results were as follows:By UV radiation mutation method to the parental strain Aspergillus usamii M12, M12-9-5, aβ-glucanase producer was derived with enzyme activity of 57.85U/mL in the flask fermentation, which was increased by 88% compared with the parent stratin after the single colony separation, plate screen and flask fermentation experiment. The new mutant strain was stable for theβ-glucanase activity production. The condition of flask fermention was determined through single factor experiments: temperature 30℃, initial pH 5.5, medium volume 30mL of per 250mL shaking flask, the rotate speed of swing bed 200r/min, cultivating time of seed 18h, seed volume 13%, cultivating time 72h.The medium of shaking flask fermentation was optimized through Placket-Burman and RAS experiments. The optimal medium compositions（g/L） were determined as: barley flour 25.9, wheat bran 14.1, （NH4）2SO4 20.0, NaH2PO4 1.15, CaCO3 5.0, tween 80 1.5, FeSO4·7H2O 0.2, CaCl₂ 1.56, NaCl 1.44 and malt sugar 5.0. And theβ-glucanase activity was 307.20U/mL. On the base of shaking flasks fermentation, the enzyme production in a 5L automated jar fermentor was studied, the highestβ-glucanase activity was 323.91U/mL with 60h fermentation.It was investigated preliminarily for theβ-glucanase character by the fermentation liquid. Its optimum pH was 4.5, it could be stable during pH 3⁷; Its optimal temperature was 55℃, it could be stable under 50℃. Some ions （1mmol/L） such as Co2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Na+ done good forβ-glucanase activity, while the Sn2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were harmful for its activity. Pepsin and trypsin have no significant effect onβ-glucanase activity.The protective agents such as xanthan gum, glycerol, albumin, NaCl and CaCl₂·2H₂O could improve the stablility ofβ-glucanase. The orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the best combination of different protective agent. The result was:CaCl₂·2H₂O 2.0mmol/L, xanthan gum 4g/L and glycerol 130g/L. The complex protective agents could enhance the enzyme thermostability, and could enhance the storage stability ofβ-glucanase with 1g/L potassium sorbate, the relativelyβ-glucanase activity was 88.47% after storing at room temperature for 3 months. It was increased by 15% comparing with the control.

Lipases are important enzymes universally applied in industries; it is significant to screen new lipase resources and to characterize novel lipases for specific application.A strain of lipase producing microbial was isolated from nature. It was morphologically idntified as Geotrichum .sp and termed as Geotrichum sp. SYBC WU-3.The effect of inducing agents and suefactants on the lipase production of Geotrichum sp. SYBC WU-3 was investigated. The results showed that olive oil, nuts composite oil, Tween-20, Tween-80, and TritoonX-100 could promote lipase production by Geotrichum sp. SYBC WU-3, when nut complex oil and TritoonX-100 or olive oil and TritoonX-100 was added to the medium, a new isozyme named as LIP-1 could be induced, the constitutive lipas of Geotrichum sp. SYBC WU-3 was termed as LIP-2.The optimum medium for the yield of lipase was that containing peptone 5 g/L, NaH2PO4 3g/L, nuts oil 250 mL/L, Polyoxyethylene polyglycol ether 25 mL/L. The strain was cultivated at the temperature of 30℃for 72 h. The enzyme activity under the optimal condition was 3.2 folds of that under the condition before optimization.Isozyme LIP-1 and LIP-2 was purified by DEAE-32 chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and two-phase extraction. LIP-1 and LIP-2 was purified 15.6 and 22 folds respctively. Their recovery was 11.15 %and 17.9 % respectively.Both LIP-1 and LIP-2 was cold-adapted alkaline lipase. Their optimal pH in 50 mmol/L pH 7.0 Tris-HCl buffer are 9.5. Both of them showed high lipolytic activity from pH 3.0 to 9.0. The optimal catalytic temperature of LIP-1 and LIP-2 was 20℃and 15℃respectively. LIP-1 was labile at 50℃, LIP-2 was labile at 40℃. LIP-1 had stronger ability to hydrolyte long chain fatty acid esters and LIP-2 had high hydrolysis ability to hydrolyte short chain fatty acid esters.

The dissertation firstly investigated the method of qualitative and quantitative determination of L-glutamine in broth. Then according to the metabolic control principles, the study investigated on the breeding of L-glutamine-producing strain and the suitable fermentation condition of shaking flask and so on. The main research contents and results were as follows:(1) The concentrations of L-glutamine in broth were determined with paper chro- matography and spectrophotometer. Then it was determined the composition of exhibi- tion layer system in paper chromatography. The best ratio of the exhibition layer agent was n-propyl alcohol: ammonia (V/V) =5:2. Under this condition, the glutamine and the glutamic acid can be separated very well. It was also found that the best wavelength at 510 nm of the 721 spectrophotometer, and the best elution time was 30min. Furthermore, it was carried out the repeated test to validate the precision and value recovery rate of the sample. It was found that using the method to analyse L-glutamine had better repeatability and recovery rate. These results signified that the method had higher reliability, which provided favorable base for the further study.(2) The L-glutamine-producing strain was derived from the original strain (Coryne- bacterium acetoacidophilum) YG13 (MSOR) and mutated by the methods of ultraviolet (UV), diethyl sulfate(DES) and N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). Then the plate screening method using analogues: sulfaguanidine (SG), high concentration (NH4)2SO4, meanwhile, succinate and L-glutamic acid as sole carbon source was used a strain of YL012 (MSOR, SGR, (NH4)2SO4R, L-GluG, SucG) which could accumulate L-glutamine was obtained. The concentration of L-glutamine in the culture was enhanced from 18.7 g/L to 34.3 g/L by using this strain.(3) The optimization of medium component and fermentation conditions for YL012 was conducted. The optimum seed medium contains(g/L): glucose 25, (NH4)2SO4 5, corn steep liquor 40, KH2PO4 1, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5, CaCO3 20, pH 7.0; and the optimum medium volume was the 40 mL/250 mL, culturing at 30℃on reciproca- ting shaker, with shaking at 100r/min,inoculated time 9 h. The optimum fermentation medium contains (g/L): glucose 123.4, (NH4)2SO4 47.8, corn steep liquor 4.3, KH2PO4 1.0, MgSO4·7H2O 0.6, MnSO4·4H2O 0.005, FeSO4·7H2O 0.01, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.005, CaCO3 30. The optimum fermentation conditions were the 15 mL/250 mL, original pH 7.5, seed volume 8 %, at 30℃with shaking at 100 r/min for 72 h. In the optimized medium the concentrations of L-glutamine in the culture was enhanced up to 40.6 g/L.

According to the theory of metabolic control fermentation, the paper focuses on the breeding of L-Histidine hyper-producer WH1263, the suitable fermentation condition of shaking flask, the effect of calcium gluconate on L-Histidine fermentation. The main research contents and results are as follows:The methods of breeding L-Histidine producer from Corynebacterium glutamicum were decided based on the relationship with biosynthesis process of nucleotide and fed-back regulatory mechanism of L-Histidine biosynthesis. The L-Histidine producer was derived from the original strain Corynebacterium glutamicum CLW0506 by stepwise mutagenic treatments with ultraviolet (UV), N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and diethyl sulfate (DES). The objective mutant strain which absent AMP deaminase, IMP synthetase, IMP dehydrogenase and histidinase was obtained. The L-Histidine producing strain was also endued with other two genetic markers: 6-MPR, 5-FUR. The final mutant WH1263 could accumulate L-Histidine 8.50g/L which was about as 160% as the quantity produced by the parental strain.The WH1263 strain was passed down over ten generations for 72h fermentation the acid production was little changed. That proved the strain with a genetic stability characteristic.Using single factor, orthogonal experiment and response surface methods, Come to the best source of carbon is glucose, nitrogen source is ammonium sulfate, the best medium are (g/L): glucose 99.00, (NH4)2SO4 29.30, K2HPO4·3H2O 1.25, MgSO4·7H2O 0.50, CaCO3 20.00. The best concentrations of Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ are 2.2mmol/L, 1.8mmol/L, 1.2mmol/L and 0.27mmol/L. The initial pH7.0, vaccination of 6.7 percent, with volume of 15mL/250mL triangular flask, temperature 30°C, flask speed 100/min. The fermentation period is 72h. The mutant strain could accumulate L-Histidine 10.30g/L.By adding calcium gluconate to increase gluconic acid kinase activity, leading to the improvement of hexose monophosphate(HMP) shunt flux and its specific activity greatly. The mutant strain could accumulate L-Histidine 10.50g/L.