Surfactant is a ubiquitous substance in aquatic environment owing to its popular use.It has the characteristic of enwrapping insoluble substances and forming colloids,and so is the carrier of insoluble and environmental hazardous substances to exist and transfer in water body.In the disposal process of surfactant wastewater,flocculation technology is usually used as a pretreatment method.The flocculation process of this kind of wastewater is very complicated because of its complicated components and unconstant characteristics.To control its behaviors in disposal processes,the coagulation characteristics of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate（SDBS）micellar solution with different dosage of alum sulfate or alum sulfate were investigated respectively in this study.Combined with the change of Zeta potential and surface tension measurements,the preferable stoichiometric proportion in each case was investigated.With the experimental evidences,the preferable stoichiometric proportion between Al and SDBS,Fe and SDBS was about 2.5×10^-3mol/L and 3×10^-3mol/L respectively.Furthermore,based on several coagulation characteristics observed in samples with different pH,the preferable stoichiometric proportion between Al and SDBS,Fe and SDBS were also investigated,combined with the change of Zeta potential and surface tension measurements.Results shows that,（1）Both Al₂（SO₄）₃-SDBS system and FeCl₃-SDBS system are sensitive to pH condition.（2）In Al₂（SO₄）₃-SDBS system,under the weak-acidic pH condition about 5,the equilibrium zeta potential is near zero and the peak value of surface tension is higher,and the preferable molar ratio of Al to SDBS is about 0.15.（3）In FeCl₃-SDBS system,under the weak-acidic pH condition about 4,the equilibrium zeta potential is near zero and the peak value of surface tension is higher,and the preferable molar ratio of Fe to SDBS is about 2.5.（4）When the molar ratio of Al to SDBS is raised to around 3,the coagulation reduce gradually.

The surfactants are hoped to get away from the system or loss their surface activities after they finish their function,and switcbable surfactants can be used to address this problem.Switchable surfactants are those can change their molecular structure through certain chemical or electrochemical methods so as to alter the bulk solution surface acitvity greatly（20mN/m）.Here we report the synthesis and charactefizaion of switchable surfactants bearing amidine group.Octylamine,Decylamine,Dodecylamine,tetradecylamine and hexadecylamine N,N-dimetylacetamide,dimethyl sulfate are used to synthesize a series of long-chain alkyl amidine tertiary amine compounds that can be reversibly transformed into bicarbonate surfactants by reacting with dry ice.The best synthesis condition is studied as follow: Chloroform is used as solvent,phosphorus trichloride as dehydrating agent and pH regulator, feed ratio 1:3,at about 70℃.Switchable properties are studied by emulsification and demulsificaion:the emulsification and demulsificaion function are better as the hydrocarbon chain decreased and the N′-dodecly-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate has the best emulsification and demulsificaion function.A novel double-tailed cationic surfactant,N,N′-didodecylacetamidinium bicarbonate,is prepared by reacting dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal with dodecylamine,followed by reacting with dry ice.MSD,FTIR,¹H NMR,¹³C NMR,2D-NMR are used to confirm its structure.The surfactant reduces the surface tension of pure water to 24.69mNm^-1and its critical micelle concentration is 8.75×10^-5M.Formation of vesicle is also observed by TEM.A novel cationic polyacrylamide flocculant bearing amidine group is synthesized using acrylamide,N,N-dimetylacetamide and dimethyl sulfate.Temperature,feeding ratio, monomer content,initiator amount are considered for molecular weight using orthogonal test.Flocculantion effect is also studied:Flocculant with high N′-acrylamide-N,N-dimethyl amidine content and high molecular weight has better flocculantion effect.

The surfactants are hoped to get away from the system or loss their surface activities after they finish their function,and switcbable surfactants can be used to address this problem.Switchable surfactants are those can change their molecular structure through certain chemical or electrochemical methods so as to alter the bulk solution surface acitvity greatly（20mN/m）.Here we report the synthesis and charactefizaion of switchable surfactants bearing amidine group.Octylamine,Decylamine,Dodecylamine,tetradecylamine and hexadecylamine N,N-dimetylacetamide,dimethyl sulfate are used to synthesize a series of long-chain alkyl amidine tertiary amine compounds that can be reversibly transformed into bicarbonate surfactants by reacting with dry ice.The best synthesis condition is studied as follow: Chloroform is used as solvent,phosphorus trichloride as dehydrating agent and pH regulator, feed ratio 1:3,at about 70℃.Switchable properties are studied by emulsification and demulsificaion:the emulsification and demulsificaion function are better as the hydrocarbon chain decreased and the N′-dodecly-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate has the best emulsification and demulsificaion function.A novel double-tailed cationic surfactant,N,N′-didodecylacetamidinium bicarbonate,is prepared by reacting dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal with dodecylamine,followed by reacting with dry ice.MSD,FTIR,¹H NMR,¹³C NMR,2D-NMR are used to confirm its structure.The surfactant reduces the surface tension of pure water to 24.69mNm^-1and its critical micelle concentration is 8.75×10^-5M.Formation of vesicle is also observed by TEM.A novel cationic polyacrylamide flocculant bearing amidine group is synthesized using acrylamide,N,N-dimetylacetamide and dimethyl sulfate.Temperature,feeding ratio, monomer content,initiator amount are considered for molecular weight using orthogonal test.Flocculantion effect is also studied:Flocculant with high N′-acrylamide-N,N-dimethyl amidine content and high molecular weight has better flocculantion effect.

Surfactant is a kind of amphiphilic compound that can be adhered to liquid surface. with the depth of the research on its physic and chemical properties , Surfactant was used to prepare the inorganic salts power. some research in the paper were carried on as follows:（1） The solubility data of sodium chloride in surfactant solution; composite surfactant system and inorganic salt was studied. Relationship between solubility and concentration of surfactant was discussed. Effects of surfactant, inorganic salt on the solubility balance of sodium chloride were discussed. The results indicate that the stability of the micelhzation was contributed to the solubility of sodium chloride; the solubility of sodium chloride would be weakened with increasing sodium sulfate.（2） Effect of concentration, structure of surfactant on the viscosity of the composite system were studied. Relationship between viscosity and tension of the solution were discussed and effect of sodium chloride on the viscosity of the surfactant was discussed. the viscosity is 8mPa·S when SDS is 0.25wt%. the Max of the viscosity of the system is 125mPa·S when AES is 36wt%. effect of concentration of SDBS on the viscosity of the system was not evident.（3） The microstructure of NaCl crystal was characterized by XRD and SME. Effects of concentration, structure of surfactant on crystallization of sodium chloride were researched. the reason of the crystallization were discussed .（4） Mixed solution with surfactant composition was spray-dried to form composite sodium chloride powder. The results indicate that the powder particles are hollow-spherical in shape with 10～30μm diameter and the density of the powder was varied with the quality ratio of the surfactant. The Max of the density is 0. 38gml^-1 when the quality ratio of the surfactant was 5% while the min is 0. 20gml^-1 whent the quality ratio is 20%.

In the copper processing industry, the requirements of copper quality (especially surface quality) are more stringent.The effective lubrication technology can improve the surface quality, extend the life of roller and low power consumption. Microemulsified oil is a diaphanous or semi-diaphanous, isotropy and thermally stable W/O system, blended with base oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, oiliness agent, water and other compositions. Before using, it should be diluted with water into O/W emulsion, which offers lubrication and antirust characteristics of oily processing fluid,as well as cooling and cleaning characteristics of water-based processing fluid, brings little pollution, and generates waste easy to dispose. Such kind of emulsion can satisfy almost all kinds of machining and it bears a wide application prospect. The paper studied the preparation of microemulsified oil, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the microemulsion and emulsion, the results showed that the microemulsion was stable, and the emulsion had good properties of wettability, lubrication, cooling, detergency and antirust.Firstly, the main additives of the microemulsion were studied and the best one was chosen. The main components were obtained: base oil: mineral oil (7 #∶10 #) (w / w) =20∶3, surfactant: A (oleicacid∶t riethanolamine∶Sodium petroleum sulfonate∶6 501)∶B (Span80∶P EG400) (w/w)= (9∶3∶1 2∶3)∶(14∶7), n-butanol as cosurfactant, surfactant∶cosurfactant (w / w) = 8∶1, 0.02 mol/LCaCl2 solution.Then, the feeding order during the preparation of the microemulsion was investigated In the preparation of microemulsion, the pro-oil surfactant and cosurfactant dissolved in oil, then added the hydrophilic surfactant, after that mixed with water by stirring.we studied the effect of different ratio of surfactant, dosage of cosurfactant and density of electrolyte on pseudo-ternary phase diagram, as well as changes of the physicochemical property of the system during phase transition, such as conductivity, viscosity , particle size,as a result we can infer the microstructure changes of the system.Then we researched the stability of the sample which was prepared according to the feasible formulation, thereby got a range of stable microemulsion as follows: the content of part B could not be high in the mixture of A and B, surfactant∶c osurfactant (w / w) = 4∶1,0.02 mol/L CaCl2 solution, the weight percent of surfactant and cosurfactant should be more than 40% ,and the moisture content should not be more than 33.3%.Finally, the application properties of the feasible microemulsions were studied. By the comparison of high temperature stability, wettability, lubrication, annealing detergency and antirust, and in accordance with the requirements of good in quality and low in price, the formula was fixed as follows: 7 #∶# 10 (w / w) = 20∶3, K = 9∶2, EM∶oil∶water(w / w) = 18∶1 2∶10. Microemulsion was not hierarchical even if centrifugated under 10000rad/min,and was not turbidity or hierarchical under 0℃and 50℃for 72h. The average diameter of the microemulsion was 38.4 nm.There was no educt from emulsion under 95℃for 2h,the average diameter of the emulsion was 38.4 nm,and the effect of high temperature was not significant, the contact angle of emulsion and T2 copper was 29.5°, the coefficient of friction of the emulsion was 0.17955, pHwas 7.3 and the emulsion had good properties of annealing detergency and antirust.

Glycerol Monocaprylate is a metabolism product of the fat which is one of the three major nutritions, it is a high secure material with no adverse accumulation and reaction in persons’body. Glycerol Monocaprylate can be used to improve the food quality as a surfactant and to extend the food storage period as a preservative. In this paper, Glycerol Monocaprylate was synthesized by glycerol and octanoic acid in a solvent free system.In all enzymes, the immobilized lipase-Novo435 was found the most effective for esterification. The optimum conditions of synthesis were obtained through single factor test and response surface method successively. When the ratio of glycerol to octanoic acid 1:1, the lipase dosage 0.88% (W/W) based on the reactant was employed in the reacting system, the conversion rate of octanoic acid could reach 93.53% at 66.8℃for 11.5h reaction. The content of glycerol monocaprylate was about 47.69% in the reacting production .There were monoester, diester and triester in the product when analysed by LC-MS. The analysis condition for the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was confirmed, chloroform: acetone: formyl (96:4:0.5) was used as the mobile phase, and the product was detected by iodine steam. The retention factor (Rf) of the monoester, diester and triester was 0.15, 0.5 and 0.65, 0.94, respectively. Then, the conditions of HPLC was applied to the Lichrospher C18 column chromatography for separating and purifying the Glycerol Monocaprylate, methanol: water (60%, 70%, 80%, 90%) was used as mobile phase, every mobile phase volume was 3 times of the C18 column volume. The LC-MS and IR were used to analyze the production, the result showed that the content of Glycerol Monocaprylate was more than 90%.The surfactant properties of Glycerol Monocaprylate were also studied, the HLB value was 4.7, the CMC was 0.8g/L, and the surface tension was 28.4mN/m which the mass concentration was 0.3%. The emulsion activity of Glycerol Monocaprylate was good and had excellent emulsion stability when the concentration was more than the CMC. The foam activity of Glycerol Monocaprylate was not good and had no foam stability.The results of antimicrobial activity of Glycerol Monocaprylate showed that its minimum inhibition concentration was 0.8g/L for Eschericheae coli, 0.7g/L for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.6g/L for Saccharomyces cerivisiae, 0.8g/L for Saccharomyces cerevlsiae, 0.8g/L for Aspergillus niger and 0.9g/L for Penicillium citrinum. It suggested that Glycerol Monocaprylate had a wide antimicrobial spectra. The Glycerol Monocaprylate could effectively prolong adaptive and decrease growth quantity of the Eschericheae coli, Saccharomyces cerivisiae, Aspergillus niger and milk spoilage microorganisms, and the effect was superior than the potassium sorbate which was in commom use. Furthermore it had better heat stability and acid and alkali stability when was used as preservative.

Since the 1990s, the market of pesticide has been more furious and the consciousness of environment protection of people has been stronger than before, so that we need more charge to empolder a new pesticide especially the charge of evaluation of virulence and environment that is from 18% in 1975 to 31.3% in 1993 in all charge. We must cost 1500 million dollars and spent about 10 years to gain a merchandise of pesticide from 2500 compounds. So we can improve the pesticide formulation to solve the problems in pesticide exploitation.WDG(water dispersible granule) is a new particle formulation in the 1980s mad on the base of suspending agent and wettable powder which conquers a lot of problems that the powder of wettable powder pollutes environment and the stabilization of physical chemistry characters of suspending agent is not very good. The WG that is grain, equality and velvet on granularity, not felt in high temperature and high press, more availability portion, stabilization for physical chemistry characters adapts to lots kinds of pesticide especially that is not steady in water, so WG has a lot of advantages and is rivalrousness in all pesticide formulation.Pesticide Adjuvants was the key action in made and used the Water Dispersible Granule. Pesticide Adjuvants in Water Dispersible Granule include dispersant, wetting agent, disintegrating agent and agglomerant, especially the dispersant and wetting agent was the key factor the technology and quality about Water Dispersible Granule. Along with the people require entironment more and more higher, frequently-used dispersant con not satisfy the Water Dispersible Granule capability,s needs. The specific surfactant, larger molecular weight, high surface-active and friendly environment are the major developing trends of surfactants in the future. But the bulk of dispersant come from the overseas company, domestic dispersant develop slowly, the primary dispersant used also the alkane sulfonate, Dispersing Agent NNO and Maracel C, there are all be used in wettable powder. A few new specific surfactant was used in Water Dispersible Granule is the head obstacle to develop good quality Water Dispersible Granule. Depend on National Science and Technology Pillar Program, our country exploit the special dispersant GY-JZH-A, GY-JZH-B, DC01,DC02 and DC04, the GY-JZH-A belong to larger molecular Graft sulfosalt dispersant, GY-JZH-B belong to colophony larger molecular Graft carboxylate dispersant, DC01,DC02 and DC04 belong to larger molecular carboxylate dispersant, the specific surfactant, larger molecular weight, high surface-active and friendly environment are accord with the major developing trends of surfactants in the future. By way of definitude this new Pesticide Adjuvants foreground apply in Water Dispersible Granule, this text get across to preparation of the 75% tricyclazole Water Dispersible Granule and 75% carbendazim Water Dispersible Granule, saw about the new Pesticide Adjuvants mix with other wetting agent, determine physical and chemical guide line, prescription and compared data were supplied to the apply of special and novel adjuvants in Water Dispersible Granule.

Polyphenol and phytic acid have a more extensive utility in the food industry and other areas. Many literatures about the plant material in the production of the phytic acid and polyphenol had been reported. However, polyphenol and phytic acid are the main anti-nutritional substance in the rapeseed meal. Double low rapeseed had become the bottleneck in the comprehensive utility of rapeseed meal. Therefore, effective extraction and preparation polyphenol and phytic acid from rapeseed meal and enhancement of its bio-activity become the key point in the process of rapeseed meal.In this study, while rapeseed meal in the extraction of polyphenol and phytic acid for innovation, compared with the former extraction step by step, simplified the extraction process, might save the partial process unit for the rapeseed cake deep-processing, and the results of extraction meet the expected demand.In this study, Hubei Xishui Zhayou plant providing the “double low” hybrid strain.Cold pressing meal on the No.4 rapeseed meal for the experiment.The pretreatment immersed with acid ethanol and added a small amount of additives of dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid, and then extracted the phytic acid and polyphenol from rapeseed meal at the same time, and use the response surface to analysis and determine optimum conditions. Using solvent of sodium hydroxide to precipitate the phytic acid, then it was purified tthrough ion exchange resins. After the treatment mentioned above, the phytic acid samples was analyzed. The polyphenol,in the precipitation solvent, was extracted by using of organic solvent, and then it was purified by macroporous resin to classify to several grades.The level of different sub-components were analyzed. The results are as follows:1. The optimun extraction condition of extracting the phytic acid and polyphenol at the same: The acid ethnol with the additive of dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid was the extraction solvent.Through the single-factor analysis and response surface the optimun extraction conditions was determined: 80 mesh rapeseed cakes, 12.50:1 fluids materials ratio, 54℃, 57minutes, two times extraction, respectively. In this condition, the yields of polyphenol and phytic acid were 2.64% and 4.86%, respectively.2. Purification and characterization of the phytic acid: The phytic acid were precipitated by NaOH soultion. Dissolved by hydrochloric acid, sample concentration was turned to about 4.71mg/ml. Firstly the sample was purified with ion exchange resins D315 as rate of flow 1ml/min, then it was decompressed enriched. Finally it tackled with the processing line of Sodium phytate, getting the production of Sodium phytate with 84.2%. Scaned by UV spectrometer, the phytic acid has maxmum wavelength in 260nm, same with phytic acid standard’s absorption peak.Compared to standard’s HPLC chramatogram, the sample had same retent peak about 4min. so did the infrared map. So it proved they were the same compound.3. purification and characterization of polyphenol: The concentration of crude polyphenol rised by 9.61% through the treatment of petroleum ether and chloroform. Different molecule weight of polyphenol had different polarity. Differet polyphenol with different distribution of molecule weight could been seperated through extraction solvent of ethyl acetate, water, methanol. Raw material could adsorped by macroporous resin. And then the polyphenol was rinsed by 60% ethnol.Compared with polyphenol standard sample, its concentration was as high as 65.48%. Scaned by UV spectrometer, the polyphenol has maxmum wavelength in 280nm, as the tannin. The sample was detected through RP-HPLC, while mobile phase was 30% acetonitrile. the results showed that ethyl acetate grade has earlier retent time thanother grade, aqueous phase secondly and methanol phase thirdly.

Dyeing wastewater,due to its high chroma and high toxicity,is difficult to biodegrade, resulting in a severely impair on the aquatic ecological environment.Bentonite mineral with a special 2:1 crystal structure is an inexpensive material available easily,showing an excellent adsorption property for pollutants.The surfactant-modified organobentonite,treating dyeing wastewater effectively,has broad applications in the field of sewage treatment.However, there are some problems in the separation of solid-liquid,and some surfactants are desorbed easily when used to deal with wastewater.On the other hand,the surfactants are expensive. These drawbacks inhibit their applications in the actual wastewater treatments.Mixing the cationic surfactant（CTMAB or CPC）directly with bentonite to treat dyeing wastewater was investigated in this paper.The results showed that the cationic surfactant interacting with bentonite in aqueous solution greatly increased decolourization rate as compared with the traditional sorption method of organobentonite.of all surfactants, CTMAB-bentonite showed the highest removal rate of 99%for 100 mg·L^-1isatin.The process was little influenced by pH change and contact time,showing a distinct synergistic effect of adsorption,flocculation and decolourization.The result from treating actual dyeing wastewater with CTMAB+Bentonite showed its effectiveness,fast decolourization,less sludge production and easy operation.The different dyeing wastewater treatments depend on the different mixture ratios of CTMAB and bentonite.When the combination of 0.8 g·L^-1CTMAB and 0.3 g·L^-1bentonite was used to treat the dyeing wastewater from a print works in Nanning,both decolourization rate and NTU removal rate of 98%achieved,while the COD removal rate reached to 85%.After further biological treatment,the wastewater meeting the discharge standards could be obtained.The sludge could be regenerated after decolorization and calcinations.

The constructions of surfactant forming molecular aggregates (micelle, vesicle, microemulsion, liquid crystal etc.) in various media have been interesting in the field of Colloid and Interface Chemistry. With the formation and development of Green Chemistry, clean media (water, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid etc.) have been the important research part. Thereinto, the assembly of the surfactant forming molecular aggregates in those clean media is a challenging subject and it is significant theoretically and practically to obtain the detailed mechanism of many physico-chemical process and to exploit the novel space of creating the new matter and materials. Therefore, the main content in this paper is included in the following aspects:(1) Effect of compressed CO2 on ionic liquid solubilization in cyclohexane/TritonX-100/ethylammonium nitrate reverse micelle was investigated at different temperature and pressure by using phase behavior measurement and UV-Vis techniques. It was found that compressed CO2 could enhance considerably solubilization of the ethylammonium nitrate in the reverse micelles at suitable pressure, and formation of the reverse micelles could be tuned easily by pressure.(2) The effects of n-butanol as a cosurfactant on the phase behavior of cyclohexane/TX-100/[Bmim][BF4] system, especially on the [Bmim][BF4] solubilization capacity in [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsions, were investigated by direct visual observation, UV–vis spectrophotometry and dynamic light scatting (DLS) at 25.0 ?C. The results show that n-butanol magnifies notably the [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsion single-phase region and increases the [Bmim][BF4] solubilization capacity in [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsions. A possible mechanism was proposed to make out the effect of n-butanol as a cosurfactant on the microemulsions with ionic liquid domain.(3) The interfacial tension between dodecyldimethyl (3-sulfopropyl) -ammonium /sodium dodecyl sulfates mixed system in aqueous solution and n-hexadecane in the absence and in the presence of additives, i.e., polyacrylamide, sodium chloride and alkali have been measured with a spinning drop tensiometer. And the mixtures are found to exhibit ultralow interfacial tensions. The critical micelle concentrations were determined with drop volume technique. Utilizing the CMC data thermodynamics properties was determined. It was found that there existed ultralow interfacial tension between the mixed surfactant aquous and n-hexadecane; the micellization of the mixed system is a process drived by entropy.